Vietnam veteran and biker Ron " Stray Dog " Hall is the subject of "Winter's Bone" director Debra Granik's documentary debut "Stray Dog," which follows Hall's bike club on a . I regret it. . . They nonetheless subscribed to shared, but unarticulated, general principles. Despite its detours, this doc about the alleged 1948 massacre of a Palestinian village clicks into a sobering portrait of collective memory. It has no ethical or redemptive value . In one extreme case, for instance, the filmmaker did not protect a subject who implied that he had committed a murder. Any documentary code of ethics that has credibility for a field with a wide range of practices must develop from a shared understanding of values, standards, and practices. Viewers are also reticent to call Oppenheimer's work pure documentary, given how Oppenheimer utilizes certain cinematic techniques. If you abuse this, then you wont get access to people for the next project.. But you should also develop core competencies that help you collaborate with clients and meet their expectations. 25\ m ^ { 2 } } \end{array}\quad \begin{array} { l } {C. 10 \sqrt { 3 }\ m ^ { 2 } } \\ {D. 5 \sqrt { 3 }\ m ^ { 2 } } \end{array} . As one said, I dont want to make films where people feel like they are being trashed . I was making a film about someone who was not loved . In the case of viewers, they believed that they were obligated to provide a generally truthful narrative or story, even if some of the means of doing that involved misrepresentation, manipulation, or elision. Another argued that letting subjects, especially celebrities or other people with social power, have input would threaten the credibility of the final product: I dont think the film stays credible if subjects are approving their sound bites, said filmmaker Maggie Burnette Stogner. The Times described the documentary not only as focusing on women in politics, but more specifically on women of color, their communities, and the significant changes they have wrought upon America. Filmmakers also face pressure to inflate drama or character conflict and to create drama where no natural drama exists. And it wasnt, so we had to take it out. what is the average number of book sold per month during the five month period, which of the following is the largest value. its a case-by-case example. Making a Murderer is exploitation entertainment, Dixon said. Sometimes filmmakers are constrained by contract, but far more often they are constrained by the fear that openly discussing ethical issues will expose them to risk of censure or may jeopardize the next job. I have come around to believe that a small honorarium is OK, that we should cover the subjects expenses and lost work, and that we sure as hell should share profit if we can. Filmmakers repeatedly referenced problems with using historical materials, which document specific people, places, and times, as generic references or in service to a particular and perhaps unrelated point. I want to always be able to send the DVD to them. Another explained, You owe them always having in your mind the power you have as a filmmaker, presenting them to millions of people. if the cost per dozen eggs rises to $1.80, how much more will the restaurant have to pay for eggs per week, based on the ______________ behavior and _________________ toward service staff exhibited by the job applicant before his interview, the hiring manager decided not to move forward with his application. One subject when drunk revealed something he had never revealed when sober, and in the filmmakers opinion probably would not. They said it will be upsetting for children, and that the films point is solely to talk about material science. AfterHoop Dreamsbecame wildly successful, noted Gordon Quinn, Kartemquin Films shared profits (based on screen time) with everyone who had a speaking role in the film. . They were fully aware that their choices of angles, shots, and characters were personal and subjective (a POV, or point of view, was repeatedly referenced as a desirable feature of a documentary), and justified their decisions by reference to the concept the truth. This concept was unanchored by validity tests, definitions, or norms. if both individuals start working at the same time, and each works 56 hours completing tooth canals over the course of one month, how many tooth canals will they have completed, taking issue with media reports, the president_____ that she had no plans to step down and ____________ claims that her office was guilty of corruption. In most cases, documentarians believed strongly in making informal commitments and employing situational ethics determined on a case-by-case basis. These interviews demonstrate, indeed, a need for a more public and focused conversation about ethics before any standards emerging from shared experience and values can be articulated. I am keenly aware of the hypocrisy of asking someone for access that I myself would probably not grant. They let you be there as their life unfolds, said Steven Ascher, and that carries with it a responsibility to try to anticipate how the audience will see them, and at times to protect them when necessary., I often think, Let me be this person watching the film. Would they hate me? I feel like I approached the subject differently. if the regular price od the book is $25, how many books could be bought at the sale price if a shopper spent $105? This baseline research is necessary to begin any inquiry into ethical standards because the field has not yet articulated ethical standards specific to documentary. Documentary filmmakers typically are small business owners, selling their work to a range of distributors, mostly in television. This survey demonstrated that filmmakers generally are acutely aware of moral dimensions of their craft, and of the economic and social pressures that affect them. In a certain sense there is something deceptive about that. A filmmaker has dropped his long-planned documentary on indicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein because the subject . We felt it was better not to use that scene. Its become an easy thing to do to say that we dont pay. Steven Ascher said: You could argue that cutaways in a scene filmed with one camera are a distortionyou cut from a person talking to a reaction shot, condensing or reshuffling dialogue before you cut back to the person. You have to be 99.9 percent sure that people will know. Some filmmakers also stage events to occur at a time convenient to the filming. The whale is the subject of the 2013 documentary Blackfish., Director Gabriele Cowperthwaite, right, watches as footage is filmed for her 2013 documentary Blackfish.. Some filmmakers, however, were comfortable using stuff that evokes the feel of the spot or the person or the subject matter. They believed it was acceptable when it helped the story flow without causing misunderstandings, and they did not believe in disclosure. March of the Penguins (2005) Dir. . legally I could have put it in [without the familys approval], but hey, I want to sleep at night. They spoke of making a fair film and a truthful film, not necessarily one that would, for instance, make their subjects happy or their networks richer. We are a respected educational program provider, [and] we would have looked bad, disgraced by it., Filmmakers expected to get to truth via the vehicle of a story and held themselves responsible for its implications. A story of loving impossible loves and the torture of self-discovery in a world of demagogues and uncompromising hate, it has a tragic immediacy that makes it as contemporary as ever. Gordon Quinn recalled, I made a film in the 70s about an 11-year -old girl growing up. But even more valuable, Winter gives Zappa pride of place among the most important composers of the 20th century . I wanted to learn more about why she did the awful things . the cryptocurrency appreciates 200% in the first year and 150% in the next. Click hereto view or download a PDF of this report. He justified it by the result: Ultimately there is a story to be told, you may have to make these compromises. Despite the can't-miss subject matter, "Operation Varsity Blues: The College Admissions Scandal" makes a near-fatal misstep, heavily using dramatic recreations in a way that leaves this Netflix . Another filmmaker said that while she would not show subjects the current work, she would show previous films she had made, as a way of gaining their trust. Our code of ethics is very different. Documentary filmmakers, whether they were producing histories for public television, nature programs for cable, or independent political documentaries, found themselves facing not only economic pressure but also close scrutiny for the ethics of their practices. March of the Penguins March of the Penguins Official Trailer #1 - (2005) HD Watch on Not only was March of the Penguins a legitimate cultural. For example, any kind of romantic relationship would be unacceptable. Clockwise from top left: Casting JonBenet; Homecoming, Dirty Money, They'll Love Me When I'm Dead; Miss Americana; Jim & Andy. Thats an advocacy piece where people come on camera and say, This is terrible and the other side doesnt want to comment because it will demolish them, Dixon said. The producer who lines up subjects or oversees production is often separated from editing and postproduction. They believe that their viewers are dependent on their ethical choices. They didnt garble the voice but did obscure the face. Ultimately Im not of that position. Symbolic tribunals?. It has no ethics. Some of these outlets may ask filmmakers to observe standards and practices, and/or ethics codes derived from print journalism and broadcast news and developed in conjunction with journalism programs in higher education. At the same time, some people encouraged us to make their stories public and volunteered use of their names. . Similarly, both Oppenheimer's films make use of re-enactments of events in question, which some documentary purists consider questionable because they're easily changed or fabricated. They widely shared the notions of Do no harm and Protect the vulnerable., They usually treated this relationship as less than friendship and more than a professional relationship, and often as one in which the subject could make significant demands on the filmmaker. Saying this blurry figure is not our guy would ruin the scene, said Peter Miller. That is the most deliberate falsification Ive ever done . The Economist reports that documentaries now make up 16 percent of the Cannes Film Festival slate, compared to about 8 percent in 2008. But the emotion-first approach can be problematic, Dixon said, when the line between documentary film and what he calls advocacy films is blurred based on what a filmmaker chooses to include or emphasize. Is the filmmaker the center of this film? In one case, a filmmaker lacked exciting enough pictures of a particular animal from a shoot, and the executive producer substituted animals from another country. But did I? . The core data was gathered in long-form, hour-long interviews, grounded in open-ended questions, conducted usually by phone. if Rauls sister is 25 years old how old is Rauls brothers, a store selling posters featuring Yosemite national park carries posters in three different sizes, with twelve different designs, and each poster is available in four different frames. Twenty years later some people making a film about abortion wanted to use some of our footage to set the historical context of the times. The whole truth is always more complex than whats on newsprint or celluloid. The decision to share material in advance with subjects was, typically, an informal decision. We loved the texture of the campaign commercials for various candidates. Observational Documentaries Observational documentaries aim to observe the world around them. All interviewees were provided with a consent form that had been approved by the American University Institutional Review Board, and all were offered anonymity. if both individuals start working at the same time and each spends 70 hours completing inspections over the course of a month, how many total inspections will they have completed? A journalist wouldnt show you the footage. . what percentage of the remaining students are trying out of the basketball team, raul is half the age of his brother and 60% younger than his sister. The standards and practices share some common themes, as analyzed by project advisor Jon Else. If the tables were turned, God forbid, said Joe Berlinger, I would never allow them to make a film about my tragedy. When the facts of a film are up to a single filmmaker, the truth, too, can become subject to style choices. . In both these cases, the choices not to honor the subjects requests reflected the fact that the subjectsboth experts, not less-powerful subjectsattempted to exert control over the films outcome that differed from that of the filmmakers. Most subjects signed releases allowing the makers complete editorial control and ownership of the footage for every use early on during the production process. Jon Else said: For years I never paid anyone for an interview. So to use archival footage . By Justin Sayles Jul 9, 2021, 6:30am EDT. Documentary clients have included Sonia, Power Trip, Afghan Women, Trembling Before G*D and Blacks & Jews. if the regular price od the book is $25, how many books could be bought at the sale price if a shopper spent $105? Controversies emerged about several documentaries. To achieve those goals, standards uphold accuracy, fairness, and obeying of law, including privacy law. A good film often has many lives, and one of the lives is in educational institutions, within schools and libraries. . But I feel like its important to get the big-picture truth of the situation on camera. how many different combinations size design and frame possible, an investor buys stock in a company and in the twelve months after she invests the value of the stock decreases by 30%. Its increasingly entertainment. When you have a scene or moment in the film, you may realize its just a great moment, and then you realize the subject doesnt want that moment on screen. That could be good or bad, depending on the story being told, Cross said. Filmmakers grounded this permission in two arguments: they wanted to demonstrate a trust relationship with the subject, and they wanted to make a film that was responsible to the subjects perspectives. In one case, for instance, a filmmaker was on location shooting a wildlife film, trying to capture one animal hunting another: We tried to shoot a few, and missed both of them. The Economist reports that documentaries now make up 16 percent of the Cannes Film Festival slate, compared to about 8 percent in 2008. Following were situations that called forth filmmaker concern about ethical relationships with the audience. . Filmmakers thus find themselves without community norms or standards. Another recalled a prolonged negotiation. But that doesnt mean that I dont bend the truth. inaccurately, for mood or tone, . Its an accepted norm to pay fees. It may be a necessary sacrifice if the media is going to continue not to investigate things like Indonesia.. Where before a small number of players dominated the category, now it is extraordinarily . The problem is, its not hard to convince people something is truthful. He is still in contact with his characters, but he admitted they felt betrayed by [him] in some way. They had expected the filmmaker to protect them by not including comments they made and remembered making. Who is correct? I usually enter peoples lives at a time of crisis. Their comments can be grouped into three conflicting sets of responsibilities: to their subjects, their viewers, and their own artistic vision and production exigencies. WasFahrenheit 9/11accurate in its factual indictment of the Bush administrations geopolitics? Its one of those areas where our responsibility to our audience and our responsibility to our subjects can be at odds. Tilikum, the orca whale that killed several people while in captivity in SeaWorld. A more extended and vigorous conversation is needed in order to cultivate such understanding in this field of creative practice. I felt that my obligation was fulfilled. In another case, a director decided not to show footage to a subject who wanted approval over material used, because he feared the subject would refuse to permit use. But Im reconsidering, after seeing the good sense of Errol Morris paying his subjects inStandard Operating Procedure. One of the most effective approaches for how to become a Subject Matter Expert in eLearning is to hone your skills. If journalism is like a window, art is like a mirror to confront our deepest mysteries.. We have the money. You have to open your eyes and trust yourself. It made the film better. The population spanned three generations. . Many even see themselves as executors of a higher truth, framed within a narrative. not looking at archival footage as a document of a particular time and place, becomes problematic. Peter Miller noted that. Julie Ha and Eugene Yi's involving documentary covers a U.S. wrongful conviction case that ultimately helped improve cultural and judicial sensitivities. They may be encouraged to alter the story to pump up the excitement, the conflict, or the danger. If youre a filmmaker you try to create a POV, you bend and shape the story to your agenda . Would you believe an interview with Dick Cheney if you knew he was paid a hefty honorarium? I want you to sign the release, but we will really listen to you. They were much happier, I was much happier, and the film was better because of it.. By the late 1990s, U.S. documentary filmmakers had become widely respected media makers, recognized as independent voices at a time of falling public confidence in mainstream media and in the integrity of the political process. But ultimately it has to be our decision. In some cases I will say, If there is something that you cant live with then well discuss it, we will have the argument and real dialogue. Her reasons were goodshe did not want her son to grow up and maybe have a family, and 25 years from now have his kids find out he was arrested for attempted murder. The filmmaker allowed the family to consider; eventually, the kid himself spoke up and said that he was ok with it . . In thinking about their subjects, filmmakers typically described a relationship in which the filmmaker had more social and sometimes economic power than the subject. . Its a moral decision not to enter their lives to only show how poor they are, said one. It eats me up every day. Experts say there are some easy ways to become more media literate to help audiences siphon fact and fiction in documentaries and journalism. her less experienced colleague takes 2.0 hours to complete an inspection. One director recalled, I knew personal information about one of the [subjects] that I thought would make the film richer, but she was confiding to me in person, not as a filmmaker . I can convince you that a lot of films are truthful., While news outlets appeal to different and distinct audiences based on interest and political persuasion, Cross says documentary films are thriving precisely because they dont try to settle on whats true., Theres this idea that somehow, I have to be a trained reporter to dispense the news, Cross said. I dont think you can call that a documentary because a documentary presents the whole picture.. When the filmmaker showed a scene of a handcuffed minor in juvenile halla crucial and pivotal sceneto the family, in spite of having releases, the mother objected. Documentary filmmakers need a larger, more sustained and public discussion of ethics, and they also need safe zones to share questions and to report concerns. That critique has popped up a lot recently Netflixs miniseries Making and Murderer was criticized for omitting some facts of the case it examined, HBOs The Jinx was similarly judged for not going to police immediately when they found they had a taped confession of the killer, and the true crime podcast Serial has been scrutinized for being too one-sided. In one of the most intense moments of director Joshua Oppenheimers acclaimed film, The Look of Silence, viewers are treated to an unflinching, discomfiting shot that gives the film its title: A former militiaman and mass murderer, now elderly, stares into the camera, his eyes eerily magnified by optometrists testing lenses as he searches, with the audience, for an answer to his horrendous crimes, the silence as penetrating as his gaze. . Or would they think its fair? one filmmaker told us. Experts say that it's no coincidence that documentary films are enjoying boosted popularity at a time when trust in the media is at an all-time low. . I always decide not to use that moment, said another. The reason we still talk about [this] is because it was a perfect ethical conundrum. Dialogue editing and reaction shots are necessary tools of documentary, and while sometimes manipulative, often fall under Picassos idea of art as the lie that makes us realize the truth. In that part, friendship wasnt helpful in making the film, even though it is during the production phase., Filmmakers accepted significant manipulation of the situation in filming without regarding it as a betrayal of viewer expectations. For all their aesthetic beauty, both The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence occupy an unsure place on the continuum of cultural forms. At a time when there is unprecedented financial pressure on makers to lower costs and increase productivity, filmmakers reported that they routinely found themselves in situations where they needed to balance ethical responsibilities against practical considerations. The interview was important for the film, Nelson said, and he believed the request was motivated by desire to control the film. For a film involving high school students, filmmaker Stanley Nelson asked which students smoked marijuana. We want to have a human relationship with our subjects, said Gordon Quinn, but there are boundaries that should not be crossed. . you decide what your film is going to be, you have to put your traditional issues of friendship aside. What were seeing now is a democratization of storytelling in a way that gives John Q. Angela says that (7c2d+12cd2+3)+(5c2d2cd28)=22c2d25\left(7 c^{2} d+12 c d^{2}+3\right)+\left(5 c^{2} d-2 c d^{2}-8\right)= 22 c^{2} d^{2}-5(7c2d+12cd2+3)+(5c2d2cd28)=22c2d25. How much do their own reasoning processes correlate with existing journalism codes? the more fundamental questions are related to matters of life and death. Filmmakers need to develop a more broadly shared understanding of the nature of their problems and to evolve a common understanding of fair ways to balance their various obligations. Julie Ha and Eugene Yi's involving documentary covers a U.S. wrongful conviction case that ultimately helped improve cultural and judicial sensitivities. Up until 1960, with (director Robert Drews) Primary and the work of some others, documentaries were just lectures on film. It summarizes the results of 45 long-form interviews in which filmmakers were asked simply to describe recent ethical challenges that surfaced in their work. He most often refers to his work as art rather than journalism. I remember negotiating with a bigwig, he was in demand, he said hed like to do it, and requested a donation to a nonprofit. This DPA may be amended and the observance of any provision of this DPA may be waived . Explain the error. When filmmakers face ethical conflicts, they often resolve them in an ad-hoc way, keeping their deep face-to-face relationship with subjects and their more abstract relationship with the viewers in balance with practical concerns about cost, time, and ease of production. Director nixed Jeffrey Epstein project due to 'distasteful' subject matter. Originating in the 1960s alongside advances in portable film equipment, the Cinma Vrit -style is much less pointed than the expository approach. . Those are pretty boring, Woelfel said. . . . In still another case, an HIV-positive mother addicted to drugs asked filmmakers not to reveal where she lives. The question of whether to pay subjects was of great concern to filmmakers. a group of numbers has an average of 18. the first three numbers are 12, 24, 16. what is the other number, an investor purchases cryptocurrency for $1000 unit. Then Id be suspicious, Dixon said, adding that dramatic re-enactments, too, can be manipulative. The felt power differential also led them to protect their subjects when they believed they were vulnerablenot, however, at the expense of preserving their own artistic options. a bookstore has a sale where all hardcore books are sold at a discount of 40%. In Egypt, I had a fixer who paid everyone as we went, thats the way they do things there. The ongoing effort to strike a balance, and the negotiated nature of the relationship, was registered by Gordon Quinn: We say to our subjects, We are not journalists; we are going to spend years with you. how many employees both work with customers and work in the warehouse, in an upcoming election 75% of the landlocked voters will vote for candidate A, while the rest will vote for candidate B; 20% of coastal voters will vote for candidate A while the rest will vote candidate B. which of the following represents the lowes percentage from all voters combined (landlocked and coastal) that must be landlocked (not coastal) in orderer candidate A to win, the graph show the number of book a book store sold per month. Is somebody on the soundtrack telling you what to think? Filmmakers were acutely aware of the implications of telling a story one way rather than another. They sometimes deal with hostile gatekeepers or powerful celebrity subjects. She has organized programs with the Human Rights Film Festival, Brooklyn Museum and Film Society of Lincoln Center and currently teaches arts management at CUNY Baruch. Should films such asGhosts of Abu GhraibandStandard Operating Procedurefeature images that further embarrass and humiliate their subjects? Furthermore, producers, who were held responsible for the standards, are typically forbidden to offer subjects the right of review or to restage events; they are required to ensure that image and sound properly represent reality, and that music and special effects are used sparingly. His promotion of the term has been criticized, by scholar Brian Winston, among others, for allowing ethical choices to go unexamined. They argued that the responsibility to control the films point of view lay squarely with the filmmaker. I had to do it. While some said that they would never lie to a subject about what they were doing in the film, many believed that the decision needed to be taken on a case-by-case basis, considering the goal of the film and the relationship with the viewer. what would be the next number in the following series I may get in by a sneaky way but hold up standards in the final product. Another gained access to someone in prison by writing on BBC letterhead stationery, although he was not working for the BBC. I can sort of rationalize this, that it might be killed by a natural predator. Why? That paradigm isnt going to stand any longer.. . by what amount will the value of the stock need to go up from there in order that the price of the stock will be equal to what the investor first paid for it, David C. Lay, Judi J. McDonald, Steven R. Lay, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, Arthur David Snider, Edward B. Saff, R. Kent Nagle. the DP [director of photography] was sitting there, saying No, Im sure you wouldnt want to do it, but nodding his head yes. The interview pool consisted of 41 directors or producer-directors who had released at least two productions at a national level and who have authorial control. After I wrapped, I felt like a real shit for the rest of the day, felt like I manipulated him for my personal gain. When Im working on a doc, I try not to lie, said Sam Pollard. "Primary" was one of the first documentaries to espouse cinema verite documentary style, which allows filmmakers creative flexibility in telling a story, such as the use of voiceover, perhaps telling a story out of chronological order or allowing the filmmaker to become a part of the movie by telling the story through their eyes. So many people only pay attention to material they agree with.. Perhaps because the terms of these releases were not their own, filmmakers often provided more leeway to their subjects than the strict terms provided in them. For todays documentary filmmakers, it appears to grace a set of choices about narrative and purpose in the documentary. Filmmakers resolved these conflicts on an ad-hoc basis and argued routinely for situational, case-by-case ethical decisions. You have to serve the truth. Another filmmaker unapologetically recalled alienating his subjects because he had, in the interest of the viewers and of his own artistic values, included frank comments that caused members of their own community to turn against them. Narrative structure sometimes mandates manipulation, which they often but not always found uncomfortable. At the same time, documentary television production was accelerating to fill the need for quality programming in ever-expanding screen time, generating popular, formula-driven programs. As documentary production becomes more generalized, and as public affairs become ever more participatory, the question of what ethical norms exist and can be shared is increasingly important. Ringer illustration. . The growth of commercial opportunities and the prominence of politics as a documentary subject also produced tensions. Filmmakers observed these principles with widely shared limitations.