The total phenol content was significantly higher (t = 7.38, df = 4, P = 0.0009) in treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (Fig 7a). The SA treated fruit showed high level of phenol and flavonoids content compared to control. Our results showed that the host fruit compounds viz., cis-ocimene and 3-carene were sharply declined after SA treatment indicating that the absence of these volatiles along with associated biochemical changes would have been responsible for altered ovipositional behaviour of B. dorsalis. Plants have evolved with their insect pests and have developed an array of strategies for defense. The stone weevil Sternochetus mangiferae (Fig. Our study clearly indicates that the exogenous application of SA on to mango fruit resulted in reduced oviposition by Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis. The apparatus was rotated 90° every 2 min to eliminate any directional bias in the bioassay cage. *Significantly different from SA treated and control arms; n.s. The result showed that only 22.5% larvae reached the pupal stage in SA treated fruit as against 84.25% in the control. Despite its importance, mango production is hampered by several constraints, including infestation by fruit flies, especially the exotic Bactrocera dorsalis. The number of adults emerged also showed a significant difference (t = 17.96, df = 6, P = 0.0001) between control and treated fruit (Fig 6b). The mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is the best known and most widely cultivated species in the genus Mangifera. Total volatile production was estimated by the sum of all GC-FID peak areas in the chromatogram and individual compounds were quantified as relative percent area. [42]. B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes in Senegal leads to production losses. You searched for: Subject "Bactrocera dorsalis" Remove constraint Subject: "Bactrocera dorsalis" Start Over. Phenolic content in the host fruit affects the fruit fly development [64, 65]. However, the identity and nature of oviposition stimulants for B. dorsalis is not well known. A strategy that has received negligible attention is the induction of ‘natural plant defenses’ by phytohormones. KeywORDS: Mango, Mangifera spp, Mangifera casturi, Mangifera lalijiwa, Bactrocera dorsalis, mango relative ReCeIVeD: March 20, 2017. Similar trend was observed for PPO activity also (t = 11.30, df = 4, P = 0.0002) respectively (Fig 8c). Nitrogen (1 mL/min) was used as the carrier gas. Bactrocera spp. The subsequent inhibition of cis-ocimene, 3-carene after the exogenous application of SA would have led to the observed altered behavior of B. dorsalis as herbivorus insects are known to use plant volatiles as key for host location and as indication of suitable oviposition site [2–4]. Bactrocera dorsalis was chosen for this research because vapor heat treatments for this insect are being evaluated by the IPPC and the question of possible variation in tolerance to heat among different populations was raised by countries reviewing the … endobj Helium was used as carrier gas with the flow rate of 1 ml-min. Citation in PubAg 449; Full Text 83; Journal. Increased phenol and flavonoid content was recorded in treated fruit. (2011), Chrysanthemum leaf epidermal surface morphology and antioxidant and defense enzyme activity in response to aphid infestation, Peng J, Xiaojun D, Jianhua H, Shihai J, Xuexia M, Yongping H (2004). Mature mango (cv. Finding a suitable host for oviposition is crucial to all phytophagous insects [51] and olfaction plays an important role in enabling the host plants recognition [52, 53]. One unit of PPO was defined as the change in absorbance by 0.1 units per minute under conditions of the assay. Recently, we identified a volatile compound γ-octalactone that elicits an innate oviposition response in B. dorsalis. Thus, exogenous applications of elicitors may impact insect-plant interaction through modified host plant volatile emissions. Further, pumps drew air (300 mL/min) through these tubes. It is well recognized that salicylic acid potentially generates a wide array of metabolic responses in plants at extremely low concentrations (μM to mM) and these multifaceted responses can make the host unsuitable against herbivores through modulating host plant volatile emissions and chemical content thereby herbivore host finding and selection [59,60]. We assayed the behavior of gravid female B. dorsalis in four-arm olfactometer to headspace volatiles of both treated and control fruit. The hydrolysis of H2O2 was measured by the decrease in absorbance at 240 nm. Therefore, these two chemical cues, cis-ocimene and 3-carene are important attractants and involved in host location of B. dorsalis [42]. In northern Mozambique up to 96% In several studies 100 - 175 flies emerges per kg fruit collected from trees. In the present study, we also observed changes in antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, PO and PPO. Results were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents. %PDF-1.5 A hand held atomizer (1 L capacity, Kisan Agri Sprayer, Mumbai, India) was used for uniform application of different doses on fruit. 2 Fruit fly behavioral responses were studied for headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit in the four-arm olfactometer (dual choice bioassay) as described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. One such strategy is the utilization of elicitors in priming and/or increasing or decreasing the production of certain volatile compounds upon insect attack [6]. Totapuri, a susceptible variety to B. dorsalis) [41] fruit were collected from the experimental orchard of the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. Catalase activity [48] was determined with minute modifications by adding 0.1 mL of crude enzyme to 2.9 mL of 40mM H2O2 (dissolved with 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) as a substrate. Earlier studies report that salicylic acid treatment increased coumarins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and lignin concentration in plants [61–63]. However, use of host plant defense pathways that can be switched on or primed by exogenous application of phytohormones is not explored in mango. The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912), is a member of the Tephritidae (fruit flies) family. Greany PD, McDonlad RE, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Howard DF, Hatton TT, et al. One unit of catalase converts 1μmol of H2O2 per minute. detected from mango fruits. (2014), Reciprocal crosstalk between jasmonate and salicylate defence-signalling pathways modulates plant volatile emission and herbivore host-selection behaviour, Hayat S, Mohd I, Arif SW, Mohammed NA, Aqil A (2012), Salicylic acids local, systemic or inter-systemic regulators, Serghini K, Perez LA, Castejon MM, Garcia TL, Jorrin JV, (2001), Enhanced enzyme activities and induction of acquired resistance in pea with elicitors, Al-Wakeel SAM, Hani M, Mahmoud MG, Mahmoud MYM (2013), Induced systemic resistance: an innovative control method to manage branched broomrape (, Resistance to development of larvae of apple maggot in crab apples, Aluja M, Birke A, Ceyman M, Guillén L, Arrigoni E, Baumgartner D, et al. A potential biological control agent against this pest is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). You may notice problems with A simple and cost-effective mass rearing technique for the tephritid fruit fly. Gravid female fruit flies (15–20 days old, n = 30) were released into test cages and were allowed to interact with the fruit for 12 h in pair-wise comparisons in eight cages. Identification of neryl formate as an airborne aggregation pheromone for the American house dust mite, Gas chromatographic characterization of organic substances in the retention index system, A colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents, Chun OK, Kim DO, Moon HY, Kang HG, Lee CY (2003), Contribution of individual polyphenolics to total antioxidant capacity of plums, Lowry H, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951), Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent, Effect of pre-and post-harvest application of salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate on inducing disease resistance of sweet cherry fruit in storage, Evolution of oviposition behavior and host preference in Lepidoptera, Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects, Pickett JA, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM (1998), Insect supersense: mate and host location as model systems for exploiting olfactory mechanisms, Perception of plant volatile blends by herbivorous insects-finding the right mix. Volatiles were collected from fruit for 24 h and the Porapak Q columns were eluted with 750 μl of redistilled diethyl ether. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was estimated according to the method described as per Mayer and Hare [50]. Absorbance was read at 420 nm for 3 min at 30 sec interval. In summary, the results indicate that SA treatment reduced oviposition, larval development and adult emergence of B. dorsalis and suggest a role of SA in enhancing mango tolerance to B. dorsalis. The fruit peel was slightly cut open to facilitate introduction of larvae. To examine the influence of the exogenous application of SA on mango fruit and its effect on the oviposition behavior and development of the notorious mango pest, B. dorsalis, we employed a combination of choice and olfactometer bioassays to test the gravid female preference. Previous studies involving other tephritids such as the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) clearly showed that exogenous application of phytohormones (GA3) on fruit clearly deterred fruit flies and altered their oviposition behavior [34–39]. Kamala Jayanthi Pagadala Damodaram, Ravindra Mahadappa Aurade, [...], and Abraham Verghese. The field experiment data shows that the number of punctures and pupae was decreased in the SA treated when compared to the control fruit (paired t test, t = 8.12, df = 7, P = 0.0001 [ovipunctures], t = 6.46, df = 7, P = 0.0003 [pupae]). Verghese A, Soumya CB, Shivashankar S, Manivannan S, Krishnamurthy SV (2012). The area of the experimental plot was one hectare with a total number of 400 mango plants, at 5 m (between the plants) x 5 m (between the rows) spacing. Reviewers’ reports totaled 1154 words, excluding any confidential comments to the academic editor. The management of fruit flies from an Indian perspective (mainly for B. dorsalis) can be classified into two categories, namely pre- and post-harvest management prac-tices. The infested fruit were placed in plastic containers containing sterilized sand to allow pupation. <> Apart from volatile defenses, SA is also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a major role in plant defense. Introduction. Wrote the paper: KJPD RMA VK. 12.4) is another key pest of mango (Tandon and Shukla, 1989). The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is an important quarantine pest around the globe. endobj One salicylic acid treated along with one untreated mango fruit (n = 5 replicates per dose treatment) were exposed to gravid female B. dorsalis for oviposition to take place. Healthy fruit without any scars at harvest were selected (randomly from two trees), rinsed with tap water and left to dry before use. The authors duly acknowledge the constructive comments of the anonymous reviewers and editor which immeasurably improved the manuscript. The pupal and adult emergence decreased in the SA treated fruit when compared to the control (unpaired t test, t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001 [pupae], t = 17.96, df = 6, P = 0.0001 [adults emerged]). To study the behavioral responses of gravid B. dorsalis to headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit, behavioral assays were carried out using a circular Perspex four-arm olfactometer [120 mm diam, 42] placed inside a cage (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height) illuminated from above by diffused, uniform lighting using a fluorescent bulb (15W) and surrounded by black light proof walls to prevent influence of any external visual stimuli. The lowest number of punctures was recorded in 2.0 mM SA treatment followed by 5 mM and 0.5 mM SA treatments (Fig 1a). (eds. = non-significant]. Most of the flavonoids are growth inhibitors and cause abnormal development, growth inhibition and larval mortality [66]. This article describes the development of a protocol for post-harvest disinfestation of Bactrocera dorsalis on mango using hot-water treatments. 353–362 in Robinson A.S. and Hooper G. The extract was concentrated to get a final volume of 10 mL. 2 0 obj Further, we tested for biochemical changes between SA treated and untreated mango fruit. (a) Catalase; (b) Peroxidase and (c) Polyphenoloxidase activity. There were significant differences in the number of punctures between SA treated and control fruit (t = 8.12, df = 7, P = 0.0001) (Fig 3a). All connections were made with PTFE tubing with brass ferrules and fittings (Swagelok, India) and sealed with PTFE tape. The reaction mixture consisted of 2.9 mL of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), 0.1 mL of enzyme source and 0.1 mL of substrate (0.05 M catechol). Error bars = Standard error of mean. 2005). Studies have demonstrated that insects use precise ratios of volatiles for host location [2,4]. Thus perception of right mix of these volatile blends plays a pivotal role in host recognition and determines the probability of phytophagous insect alighting on a given host [54]. 3 0 obj (Vayssières et al. We analyzed the activity of antioxidative enzymes viz., catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase in both SA treated and untreated fruit respectively (n = 3). Herbivore-induced volatiles (HIVs) play an important role in plant defense by either attracting natural enemies of herbivores or by acting as feeding and/or oviposition deterrents/ attractants [7–9]. (non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison test, (P = 0.007) [time spent]; P > 0.05 [entries]). Elakki) for six generations, with one generation cycle of one month and maintained at ambient conditions (27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod) in the Fruit Entomology Laboratory, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, India [40]. Upon maturity, fruit were randomly collected (n = 8) and brought to the laboratory for oviposition assays. Performed the experiments: RMA. For each treatment, the SA treated fruit along with a control mango fruit (n = 6) were placed into oviposition cages (0.62m length x 0.62m wide x 0.62m height). Role of salicylic acid in tomato defense against cotton bollworm, The effect of plant defense elicitors on common bean (, Cornelius ML, Nergel L, Duan JJ, Messing RI, Cornelius ML (2000), Responses of female Oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to protein and host fruit odors in field cage and open field tests, Efficacy of various insecticides and trap heights in methyl eugenol baited traps against fruit flies (, Studies on seasonal activity and control of fruit flies (, Verghese A, Kamala Jayanthi PD (2001) Integrated pest management in fruits In: Reddy PP, Verghese A, Krishna Kumar NK (eds), Pest management in horticultural ecosystems, Verghese A, Tandon PL, Stonehouse JM (2004). (2006), Fragments of ATP synthase mediate plant perception of insect attack, Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda DA, Orlova I (2006), Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives, Arimura GI, Matsui K, Takabayashi J (2009), Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions, Silva R, Gimme H W, Lewis J W, Michael JF (2014), Insects feeding on plants: rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release, Falk KL, Kästner J, Bodenhausen N, Schramm K, Paetz C, Vassao DG, et al.