Third, the post-disaster paradigm shifts in reconstruction are discussed through a case study in Sendai city, Miyagi prefecture. How can we educate children to be prepared? East of Japan, the Pacific plate dives beneath the overriding Eurasian plate. The first tsunami breakwater was constructed at the mouth of Ofunato Bay, Iwate prefecture, where the maximum water depth was 38 m. The functionality of this breakwater for protection was investigated through numerical analysis [6]. Seawalls should be designed with the assumption of overtopping and destruction, and communities should not rely on coastal infrastructures alone for protection. That Japan was not adequately prepared for the tsunami that hit the northeastern Honshu coast on March 11, 2011, first became apparent at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Japan's famed bullet trains slow to an automatic halt in the event of a large earthquake. In 1941, a tsunami warning organization was founded for the Sanriku Coast. This resulted in the death toll of 22 000. Figure 1. In general, a tsunami fragility curve is defined as structural damage probability or fatality rate with particular regard to the hydrodynamic features of tsunami inundation flow, such as flow depth obtained from field measurements, current velocity and hydrodynamic force estimated with tsunami numerical modelling [38]. This problem is not yet solved. The lesson learned was that coastal infrastructure such as breakwaters and seawalls cannot always protect life and property: even great seawalls can fail. Many coastal communities on low-land devastated areas are thus moving uphill by applying for relocation and buy-out programme. The tsunami generated by the earthquake attacked the Japanese coast the next morning. H�l�I��6��>�/���i�E�#. As observed in the tsunami fragility curves, structures were especially vulnerable when the local flow depth exceeded 2 m, while a 6 m flow depth would cause everything to be washed away. The most important lesson is that one should not wait for official information to act: strong ground shaking is the first alert to take action. When the earthquake severed the connection between the nuclear power plant and the Japan electrical grid, the diesel backup system turned on as it was supposed to. Tōhokun maanjäristys (jap. For disaster-affected areas, the central government has amended policies of coastal protection from the viewpoint of reducing risks and enhancing disaster resilience, and local governments have completed drafting reconstruction plans including infrastructure design, transportation, land-use management, urban design, relocation, economic and industrial outlooks. A part of this video was uploaded to the website of the Japanese newspaper company Yomiuri Shimbun [31]. Japan is one of the best tsunami-prepared countries in the world, which is one of the reasons the world is still reeling from the 2011 event. These hydrodynamic parameters appear capable of devastation for the coastal forests that have been planted for the past centuries. Their very quick and resolute response prompted local residents and even the students and teachers in a neighbouring elementary school to follow and consequently saved lots of lives. Another video was taken from the roof of a building in Onagawa town by one survivor. Tsunami safety has been a focus of coastal city planning throughout the nation. For that reason, Japan had already introduced a number of defences prior to 2011. Black dots on the coastline indicate the points of the 2011 tsunami height measurement. S.K. As a national guideline of preparing flood hazard maps, the Cabinet Office published ‘Tsunami and Storm Surge Hazard Map Manual’ in 2004 [15]. The aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami included both a humanitarian crisis and massive economic impacts. The analysis revealed that Sendai city's multiple protection measures for Level 2 tsunami will contribute to a substantial reduction of the tsunami inundation zone and potential losses, combined with an effective tsunami evacuation plan. What is the requirement that should be put into place for safer school buildings that can withstand both strong ground shaking and a devastating tsunami? The tsunami attacked the town at 15.20 JST (34 min after the earthquake occurred) and caused 816 fatalities and 125 missing. Hazard maps have two functional aspects. The earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck northeastern Japan on March 11 was perhaps the most widely recorded natural disaster in human history. For instance, based on the findings regarding the structural vulnerability (figure 3), Sendai city determined a reconstruction plan [49] to reduce the tsunami flow depth to less than 2 m in the populated area with a conceptual image of multiple coastal protection (figure 4). The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku (Japanese: 東北地方太平洋沖地震, Hepburn: Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin) was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (M w) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011, with the epicenter approximately 70 kilometers (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an … (Online version in colour. Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions. Paleoseismological studies suggested the predecessor of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake had been the 869 Jogan earthquake [13,14]. Tsunami warning information can inform people that they are in danger, but it cannot guarantee people's safety. SCMP Editorial. Thus, the residents were suddenly attacked by the tsunami. The coastal plain along Sendai Bay experienced some of the farthest-reaching tsunami waters. It was centered about 80 miles offshore, and tsunami warnings went up immediately. Japan has invested heavily in coastal protection and buildings that can withstand tremors. Note that ‘Tsunami Tendenko’ is not an egoistic maxim, with the importance of trust among loved ones to achieve the aim of maximizing the number of lives saved [17]. As observed in devastated areas in Japan, tsunami flow depths over 2 m have the potential to severely damage houses. The seawall was designed for Level 1 tsunami (the height equivalent to the historical tsunami heights in the past 150 years and storm surge heights in the past 50 years). Here I review how I prepared our family for disaster and how you can do the same . 129 0 obj <>stream In 1997, the Japan central government council, which consists of seven ministries, issued a guideline for comprehensive tsunami countermeasures that should be taken as part of regional tsunami disaster prevention. The discussion mainly focuses on structural measures such as seawalls and breakwaters and non-structural measures of hazard map and evacuation. 4. This is one negative aspect of relying too completely on a hazard map. %%EOF )Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPointFigure 5. After this tsunami, several villages were relocated to high ground at the personal expenses of individuals or village leaders [5]. (b) The map of tsunami inundation extent in the 2011 event (www.gsi.go.jp). The other measures secure multiple protection. How should teachers be trained to provide appropriate guidance to save children's lives and their own? ��~wGR�lى�/�@�H���s)�gB&���2�+�s&��kǜ�q��� �В� ��t���hGj&�)@0L)�ʖ)c@Q�`���8��}6���z�*�66�����`�]�4�M���DZ ��Ȩ^6�9�"�e#Iޑ��-'IyY�+^�䄷v���㪹��>��I���٧���T�Lp�����w��r��@��D6���g��q�M~����Y���̽�L�eìsٰ\�T��gh�}��ȅ�&�˧ sm��~������!�E�h�K����lQm.>5�|6�|u�|�W�B�w&7��善�P q:�����z����Z���mT�Z�^N����)�6[^.7��=��7��\3%wL�0�eP���O�n�/b�~l�7��p ��pf�/��`��cX����>�t��J��6b�~�Z!|�9�L��2�Ok7ƒ�n�i-�m��~�â Another story from Kamaishi city will give answers to the above questions. ��fQn� ��������M��ᐅ���X�Ex Coastal dykes were constructed at five sites only, because of expensive construction costs. How high should buildings be, so that the inhabitants can survive? (b) Result of tsunami numerical modelling to evaluate the effect of the proposed reconstruction plan in Sendai city (maximum flow depth). Breitengrad zu desaströsen Zerstörungen von … Thirty-year monitoring and measurement of seismic activity around Japan have revealed the seismotectonic structure [10]. The tsunami flooded 561 km2 of land along the Pacific coast of Japan (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, www.gsi.go.jp) and affected 602 200 residents and killed 3.5% of them (Statistics Bureau of Japan, www.stat.go.jp/info/shinsai/index.htm). The highest tsunami run-up height was 38 m at Ryori Shirahama in Iwate prefecture. (a) The measured heights of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami [22] and historical Sanriku earthquake tsunamis (1611, 1896 and 1933 events). A magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck off Japan’s northeastern coast, near the Tōhoku region. Figure 5. This phrase encourages people to escape by making individual decisions and taking personal responsibility; every individual effort increases the possibility of surviving. Some have probably worked well, while others appear to have failed. At least 50 min elapsed after the earthquake before the tsunami attacked the school. On March 11, 2011, a 9.1 magnitude earthquake occurred 231 miles northeast of Tokyo. An earthquake that struck Japan in March 2011 unleashed a massive tsunami. Throughout Japan’s long struggle with seismic activity, tsunamis have devastated the … The tsunami run-up height reached up to 40 m in Iwate prefecture. Japan earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima nuclear disaster: 2011 review. Consequently, teachers decided to head for the bridge, walking along the river. The seafloor moved and a small tsunami was generated, largely because this was a much smaller earthquake than 2011, about 40 times smaller, and it released about 250 times less energy. Still, it is difficult to determine a precise magnitude within around 3 min for large earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 or more and for ‘tsunami earthquakes’ generating much larger tsunamis than their magnitude would suggest. Andrew Moore was tsunami researcher in Japan, says nation very prepared for disaster; He says high-tech early warning system buys about 10 seconds … Learning lessons, we should note that there are still limitations on the reliability of technologies that can be used in a very short time. There were many earthquake and tsunami-related solutions put into place in Japan both as precautions and direct consequences of the natural disasters. This is one negative aspect of relying heavily on a hazard map. For instance, in the city of Rikuzentakata, 70 000 pine trees were on a 200 m wide, 1.7 km long beautiful sand beach and were totally destroyed except for one tree [33]. Japan is one of the most well-prepared countries in the world to deal with the threat of a tsunami.Warning systems are in place, and concrete sea walls wrap around much of the coastline. Northeast of Tohoku, the maximum run-up height in this event was similar to the events of both 1896 and 1933, especially of the 1896 Meiji Sanriku tsunami. The bulk of this layer cake is made up of sediment from old … Shortly thereafter, the tsunami penetrated along the river and overtopped the riverbank, sweeping away pupils and teachers. The Sanriku Coast lies on the north-eastern side of the island of Honshu (in the Tohoku region), corresponding to Aomori, Iwate and Miyagi prefectures. After the 1990s, many local governments published tsunami hazard maps, prepared from numerical simulations. S.K. Measurements of tsunami inundation flow velocities on land were quite rare, and it was thus difficult to understand what really happened in the devastated area and to identify the cause and mechanisms of structural destruction by tsunami inundation flow. This was critical, because those generators … However, at the same time, at least eight RC or steel construction buildings have been found overturned or washed away. Japan issued a tsunami warning within three minutes back in 2011, but lacking that historical data, the authorities underestimated the size of … A field survey, Mapping of building damage of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Miyagi prefecture, Developing fragility functions for tsunami damage estimation using numerical model and post-tsunami data from Banda Aceh, Indonesia, Tsunami fragility, a new measure to assess tsunami damage, Lessons from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami disaster, 2003 Near field survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami on Unimak and Senak islands, Time and space distribution of Coseismic slip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake as inferred from Tsunami waveform data, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Tsunamis: bridging science, engineering and society, www.pari.go.jp/en/files/3653/460607839.pdf, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/zisin1948/55/4/55_4_389/_article, www2.jpgu.org/meeting/2011/yokou/MIS036-P120.pdf, www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/chousakai/tohokukyokun/pdf/sankou.pdf, http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/chousakai/tohokukyokun/pdf/Report.pdf, www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/hokusai3/J/events/tohoku_2011/model/dcrc_ver1.2.pdf, www.city.sendai.jp/shinsai/shinsaihukkokentou/pdf/keikakushiryou/plan%20English.pdf, www.city.sendai.jp/kurashi/bosai/jishin/_icsFiles/afieldfile/2015/03/24/tebiki-English.pdf, Evolution of tsunami warning systems and products, the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster, post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. In the early morning on 3 March 1933, another major tsunami struck the Sanriku Coast. G>c�A'�}�5b�� e,�?s;���~��>b���$[�j��)�2��;�L�&x�ph�xE�h��>�u}��VJ-�KX�_ �Xx3b�W������U�(ſ�}�OV83\7@��8;��N�!vJwH��q�wU�b/p_�E��Č��:���2�/^��y��s�*8��L�أQ�]�Ϧ��rh#L# �OoH��b�G��tki Ȕ����4��e�'��.p�ֵ9��D�Si}r޳��c��V�6 ���X��j�����h��q���[j2~2M$�)��ŀ���t9��t�Anq�A��� }���6��M�"�l�N^�n��(�YJ�l,��S��a�t���SR���!�\��PxB'��}t�ks�o w�D��r1���宜��lY�[��d�Տ��\�D��E��\ߎ���Iq��H��5n�U3}ξ��E9��o�Ӝ��j�衪.=]�L�RG�j���D�ڣ�ÏM��7�}0�}� However, learning the lessons, we should note that there are still limitations on the reliability of technologies that can be used in such a limited amount of time. Now I think after the 1923 earthquake the Japanese government put a lot of money and a lot of people into studying earthquakes. In coastal cities, people knew what to do next: run to higher ground. Then the question is ‘what are the great seawalls for?’. Nevertheless, ports were pounded by the tsunami and the airport in Sendai was inundated. The seawall's height was determined by considering historical tsunami heights in the past 150 years and storm surge heights in the past 50 years (Level 1). The devastating tsunami followed by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami left many lessons to be learned that have led the paradigm shift of Japan's tsunami disaster management. That Japan was not adequately prepared for the tsunami that hit the northeastern Honshu coast on March 11, 2011, first became apparent at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. What was not adequately prepared for was a tsunami of such scale. A new paradigm of coastal structural design has caused significant arguments in some Sanriku coastal communities. We revisited the lessons of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami disaster specifically on the response and impact, and discussed the paradigm shift of Japan's tsunami disaster management policies and the perspectives for reconstruction. In addition, in Sanriku coastal communities, people were taught the lesson or maxim of ‘Tsunami Tendenko’, which means that people should run without taking care of others, even family members [16]. Because ground shaking was strong this time, many residents were awakened and evacuated to high ground; however, the death toll reached 3000. Many of the tsunami walls protecting coastline villages were around 7 metres high, no where near big enough to stop the 10 metre high wall of water (the height of a three storey building) that hit the … On this basis, the maximum potential earthquake in the Tohoku region was estimated as Mw 8.5. ���J�*Q"��kю��@Gq�,���������Y'������zsZ��+� ����g�9�qV���o��f$}~�„܈X�f�v̘�H"t���5oo�>��O��uAE���{N����^��i ��S-���hQ��X8B�� ܷ�����4����mz��=?�P��>��x�qg���P�ὀV��]�_�2�֦ ܃e˱�|�J�����5�e����` (�� News. (b) The map of tsunami inundation extent in the 2011 event (www.gsi.go.jp). Throughout the case study in Sendai city, the proposed reconstruction plan was evaluated from the tsunami engineering point of view to discuss how the post 2011 paradigm was implemented in coastal communities for future disaster mitigation. Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Japan’s 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: Food and Agriculture Implications Renée Johnson Specialist in Agricultural Policy May 18, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41766 . Thanks to the recent advances of hand-held video cameras and mobile phones, however, many tsunami survivors have attempted to capture the moment of tsunami attack on their communities and have uploaded videos to the Internet (we should note that taking photos or videos of a tsunami should only ever be done from a position uphill, never from a beach). It was originally reported at a magnitude of 7.9, but later was upgraded to 8.9 and then to a 9.0. On 23 May 1960 (JST), a huge earthquake occurred off the Chilean coast. All that remains of the lighthouse is the foundation and part of the concrete seawall. EXPERT COMMENTARY . Lastly, public education is the most important part of tsunami disaster management. When the earthquake severed the connection between the nuclear power plant and the Japan electrical grid, the diesel backup system turned on as it was supposed to. h�bbd``b`��@�q/�`-�����_@b�A�7!$8> �6 �H�?RW�@����? Figure 1. On tsunami hazard maps, knowing which areas are at risk is critical, but one must also recognize the predictive limits of science and technology; hazard maps cannot always accurately predict areas at risk. The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster left many lessons to be learned regarding Japan's disaster management policies. On the other hand, a hazard map can function to assure residents living outside of the expected inundation zone that their area is NOT at risk. In this sense, the model cannot reproduce all the aspects of tsunami inland penetration. In a subduction zone, one plate slides beneath another into the mantle, the hotter layer beneath the crust. 1. The network is designed to predict the height, speed, location and arrival time of any tsunami heading for the Japanese coast. School buildings should have similar construction requirements, in order to ensure children's safety. Before the 1933 Showa Great Sanriku Tsunami, the countermeasures taken were simply the relocation of residences to higher ground. The southernmost area of Okushiri Island was completely devastated by the 11 m tsunami, even though the area was protected by 4.5 m seawalls. Using the video taken by a resident from the top of the reinforced concrete (RC) building in Onagawa harbour, the flow velocity of the tsunami inundation in Onagawa town when the houses in the town started being washed away was estimated as 6.3 m s−1 for the ascending tsunami and 7.5 m s−1 for the return flow at a flow depth of approximately 5 m. This observation implies, as the flow conditions of the subcritical flow of the ascending tsunami and the super-critical flow of the return flow, that the return flow in the first tsunami attack was slightly stronger than the leading tsunami. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant cooling … The responses to the 2011 event are discussed specifically … Author: Wendy Sue Swanson, MD, MBE. It lasted 6 minutes. 3. Tsunami fragility curves for structural destruction (washed-away structures) [39]. This was the first stage of using computer simulations in tsunami science and engineering. VANCOUVER, British Columbia — In 2011, Japan was one of the most prepared countries in the world for a massive earthquake. Figure 2 illustrates the measured tsunami inundation and run-up heights by the survey team, with plots of historical tsunami heights of the 1611 Keicho Sanriku, 1896 Meiji Sanriku, and 1933 Showa Sanriku earthquake tsunamis [24]. >�=wL[���j��Y-� 2 .��i��.&@-+s��8靐�t�y�)�ؼ��$5�T�lc�J�l�!��8%a[`Ӝ� 1�d�h�� � @Q J `>���”�M�H��0�+{�|��3"�9�fe��Y#s��ׯ��̵a��51b|#u Vlž@����ؖ����g�0 ��Y+ The responses to the 2011 event are discussed specifically on the tsunami warning system and efforts to identify the tsunami impacts. These plans consist of the combination of structural prevention/mitigation, urban planning, preparedness and provide suggestions for land-use management, relocation, housing reconstruction and tsunami disaster mitigation plans. The historical tsunami data were provided by Japan Tsunami Trace Database [24] maintained by Tohoku University and the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES). Figure 3. Theme issue ‘Tsunamis: bridging science, engineering and society’ compiled and edited by Utku Kanoglu, Vasily Titov, Eddie Bernard and Costas Synolakis, Response to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster, Geological and historical evidence of irregular recurrent earthquakes in Japan, A short history of tsunami research and countermeasures in Japan, Extreme inundation flows during the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki tsunami, Validation and verification of Tsunami numerical models, Insights from the 2011 great Japan earthquake, Source process of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake with the combination of teleseismic and strong motion data, Traces of tsunami preserved in inter-tidal lacustrine and marsh deposits—some examples from northeast Japan, Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami, Tsunami-tendenko and morality in disasters, The new tsunami warning system of the Japan Meteorological Agency, perspectives on Tsunami hazard reduction, Earthquake early warning starts nationwide in Japan, Outline of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (Mw 9.0)—tsunami warnings/advisories and observations, Nationwide post event survey and analysis of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami flow velocity measurements from survivor videos, The 2011 Japan tsunami current velocity measurements from survivor videos at Kesennuma Bay using LiDAR, Analysis of Tsunami flow velocities during the March 2011 Tohoku, Japan, The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami flow velocity estimation by the aerial video analysis and numerical modeling, The impact of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami disaster and implications to the reconstruction, Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: performance of Tsunami countermeasures, coastal buildings, and Tsunami evacuation in Japan, Overview of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami damage and its relation to coastal protection along the Sanriku coast, Were coastal defensive structures completely broken by an unexpectedly large Tsunami? 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